…by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia…

…standard CPR, as per guidelines). Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or valves, due to a direct, non…

…muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness, confusion or…

…more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on ECG is difficult in the presence of left bundle branch block…

…Heat stroke ( 40°C) Neurological symptoms, confusion, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension, coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed…

…Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit…

…or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding syndrome There is a risk in starvation, alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or more than 5 days without nutrition…

…the blood count or contact with the patient's own clinic delay empirical antibiotics [1]. A practical target: give the first dose of broad spectrum…

…in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a…

…not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients…

…ventricular fibrillation. The combination of early repolarization pattern on ECG and ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early…

…and intensive care early with life threatening features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short…

…renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened…

…people with diabetes and becomes more common with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound…

…or about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with…

…raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in which immediate, controlled blood pressure lowering can limit the damage. The choice of drug…

…together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe symptoms New confusion Severe…

…gas with lactate, two sets of blood cultures, and a culture from the likely focus 0 to 15 min Ringer's acetate for hypotension or…

…1, not 200%). Conclusion Echocardiographic calculation of Qp/Qs is a cornerstone in managing patients with intracardiac shunts. By integrating anatomical measurements and Doppler hemodynamics…

…A patient with BPPV is usually relatively free of symptoms between the brief attacks. Lying down, turning over in bed or looking up triggers a…