…typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan…

…Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders…

…Figure 2). It is important to note that the apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the…

…risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions, including gout, vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS…

…connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of…

…heart. The epicardium The outermost layer of the ventricular wall is the epicardium , which contains fibroelastic connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and adipose tissue. The…

…layer and a visceral layer. The parietal layer is 2 mm thick, rich in connective tissue and envelops the entire heart and the departures of…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…of obesity rises. Nevertheless, BMI alone does not define an individual’s cardiovascular risk. Cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle mass and the distribution of adipose tissue…

…anchored around myocardial scar tissue [5] . Polymorphic VT (PMVT): Characterized by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation…