…muscular layer between the endocardium and the epicardium is called myocardium . It contains cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue and a very high density of capillaries…

…Figure 2). It is important to note that the apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the…

…mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of…

…Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders…

…layer and a visceral layer. The parietal layer is 2 mm thick, rich in connective tissue and envelops the entire heart and the departures of…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan…

…of obesity rises. Nevertheless, BMI alone does not define an individual’s cardiovascular risk. Cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle mass and the distribution of adipose tissue…

…anchored around myocardial scar tissue [5] . Polymorphic VT (PMVT): Characterized by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation…

…between ECG leads and ECG electrodes . An electrode is a conductive pad that is attached to the skin and enables the recording of electrical currents…

… } Interpretation of CHADS VASc score and decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral…

…used for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…the setting of valvular stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity (v 2 ), and the difference…

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

…start immediately and a defibrillator must be ready. I B Consider connecting leads V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of posterior acute…

…stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and…

…strongest established predictors of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are previous stroke or TIA and mitral stenosis. In patients with AF and previous ischaemic stroke…

…ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly…

…activity of the autonomic nervous system and changes in the automaticity of the sinoatrial node. Rhythm Normal rhythm A rhythm is defined as three consecutive…

…and the American College of Cardiology (ACC). Definition of heart rhythm A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats displaying identical waveforms on the ECG…

…changes. This is due to the fact that pre excitation leads to abnormal depolarization of the ventricles and this leads to abnormal repolarization as well…

…pacemakers can continue discharging impulses until the sinoatrial node recovers and starts discharging. Less than 3 consecutive beats (or from a latent pacemaker (or any…

…receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive…

…or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular arrhythmia Definition and classification Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Definition : ≥3 consecutive QRS complexes…

…related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart…

…anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of…

…diastole, distinguishing myocardial bridging from a fixed coronary stenosis. However, intravascular ultrasound has shown that delayed opening of the bridged segment may extend into diastole…

…or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular arrhythmia Definition and classification Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Definition : ≥3 consecutive QRS complexes…

…are termed intercalated discs . The intercalated disc is composed of cell membrane proteins that connect adjacent cells mechanically and electrically. The electrical connection is established…

…the vein atrial and the atrio ventricular connections, the relationship between the ventricles, the ventriculo arterial connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental…

…equipped centers and is generally reserved for meticulously selected cases. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac…

…complete heart block (third degree AV block) the block may be located anywhere between the atrioventricular node and the bifurcation of the bundle of His…

…to the end of the T wave. The QT interval should be measured in 3 to 5 consecutive beats in leads II, V5 and V6…

…discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0…

…pre excitation (presence of an accessory pathway). This is associated with a delta wave. For further details on the PR interval and the PR segment…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…