…significant stenosis. Tricuspid stenosis results in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

…disease Congenital mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis…

…diastole, distinguishing myocardial bridging from a fixed coronary stenosis. However, intravascular ultrasound has shown that delayed opening of the bridged segment may extend into diastole…

…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

…mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2…

…echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial…

…and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to…

…quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…