…disease Congenital mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis…

…by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in which scenario tricuspid stenosis is…

…the pulmonary outflow. Aortic aneurysm : Aortic aneurysms may compresses the RVOT. Echocardiography in pulmonic stenosis In the setting of pulmonary valve stenosis, the pressure in…

…Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…of mitral regurgitation. Table 1. Causes of mitral regurgitation Degeneration, prolapse DCM (dilated cardiomyopathy) Ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital…

…congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect), tricuspid valve regurgitation are the most common causes…

…and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to…

…Short axis (SAX) view of the aortic arch, visualizing the pulmonary valve in long axis. Method : Trace the pulmonary valve’s Doppler profile using CWD…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…