…malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A slit…

…PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes…

…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal, and myocardial…

…narrowing of the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract). Carcinoid heart disease : Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac…

…autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance. For example, heterozygous carriers in…

…congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) — This type of…

…are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial…