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Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…reduced level of consciousness Coma Marked drowsiness, for example a Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit…

Sepsis and septic shock: quick reference for the first hour

…or system Finding : : CNS New confusion, disorientation, agitation, drowsiness or a reduced GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…people with diabetes and becomes more common with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in which immediate, controlled blood pressure lowering can limit the damage. The choice of drug…

Acute severe asthma in adults: quick reference

…anxious Confusion, reduced consciousness or marked stillness Respiratory rate Under 25 per minute At least 25 per minute A falling rate, bradypnoea or apnoea Pulse…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia , demonstrated by at least…

Traumatic cardiac arrest

…standard CPR, as per guidelines). Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or valves, due to a direct, non…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened…

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