…in the same order every time. Skipping a step is a common reason why mixed acid base disorders are missed. The blood gas describes the…

…cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with variable penetrance and expressivity. Recessive forms exist, although they are rare…

…4], [6]. Presentation Nuances: While typical angina is defined by these characteristics, the presentation can be highly variable, particularly in females, the elderly, or patients…

…distinction is clinically useful but not absolute. Ejection fraction is a continuous variable and echocardiographic measurement has meaningful variability. Patients with LVEF 40% have substantial…

…of heart failure is common among these individuals. The majority of the mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with variable penetrance and expressivity…

…Brugada syndrome was classically defined as a monogenic, autosomal dominant channelopathy with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The first and most critical genetic locus identified…

…individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of…

…increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably…

…creatinine using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI) equation, incorporating relevant demographic variables; cystatin C may also be used as a filtration marker…

…obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days. CTOs are common among patients undergoing coronary angiography, with reported prevalence ranging from 18% to 52…