…disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…angina pectoris. The location of the pain beneath the xiphoid and epigastrium, combined with patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI…

…of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left…

…Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of statin therapy after systematic reassessment and rechallenge. The principal manifestation…

…in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). They are also recommended in patients within one year of MI and in those with LVEF…

…is confined to the left ventricle. ARVC causes ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac arrest; the disease is one of the most common causes of sudden…

…trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic…

…than confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of…

…reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The…