…disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…angina pectoris. The location of the pain beneath the xiphoid and epigastrium, combined with patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI…

…hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group 5: PH with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH…

…Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of statin therapy after systematic reassessment and rechallenge. The principal manifestation…

…uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome when LVEF is 40% is not definitive. Observational studies have yielded conflicting results, and the appropriate duration of therapy in p

…variable penetrance and expressivity. Recessive forms exist, although they are rare (Naxos disease, Carvajal syndrome). The prevalence of ARVC is between 0.02 and 0…

…trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic…

…than confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of…

…reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The…