…risk factors The principal determinant of risk is baseline renal function. The risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced CKD; diabetic kidney disease; older age…

…Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female…

…is not uniformly present. The proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present…

…or multifactorial mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH. It is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH…

…Recessive forms exist, although they are rare (Naxos disease, Carvajal syndrome). The prevalence of ARVC is between 0.02 and 0.05% in Europe (Corrado…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB). If symptoms remain inadequately controlled…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…than confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of…

…reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The…