…risk factors The principal determinant of risk is baseline renal function. The risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced CKD; diabetic kidney disease; older age…

…Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female…

…is not uniformly present. The proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present…

…PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease…

…is confined to the left ventricle. ARVC causes ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac arrest; the disease is one of the most common causes of sudden…

…the day of the test can therefore be given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to be left unprotected for…

…blood pressure, left ventricular dysfunction, contraindications, or intolerance limit escalation of beta blocker or CCB therapy. Nicorandil and trimetazidine are additional options in selected patients…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…than confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of…

…reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The…