…leads in the frontal plane. This format of displaying the ECG leads is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the existing…

…Society of Cardiology (ESC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the American College of Cardiology (ACC). Definition of heart rhythm A rhythm is defined as…

…evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1 MI: Caused…

…the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology and the Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACCF/HRS) recommendations, a nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay is defined as…

…thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary artery disease is a progressive but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals…

…thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary artery disease is a progressive but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals…

…results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to as transmural ischemia). Yet, the pain caused by NSTEMI…

…as having HFrEF, as their underlying pathophysiology, trajectory, and risk of relapse upon GDMT withdrawal are fundamentally distinct from true, incident HFpEF [3] . Hemodynamically, the…

…However, the 2023 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and 2025 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines emphasize a unified, risk stratified…

…indicating that slightly over half of the cases identified as STEMI by EMS are true positives. Negative Predictive Value (NPV) : The NPV is exceptionally high…

…quantitative estimate of SCD risk, which facilitates informed discussions between clinicians and patients. This is particularly important when considering ICD implantation, as the procedure carries…

…as the subjective perception of a rapid heart rate. These terms are often used interchangeably both in clinical practice and in the literature. Tachyarrhythmias: causes…

…be as precise as cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) for calculating ejection fraction. References Yancy et al: 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the…