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Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

…mortality in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin treatment is more effective than moderate intensity treatment in reducing…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a thin, collagen poor fibrous cap overlying a large lipid core with many macrophages, resulting in a red, fibrin rich thrombus. In contrast, plaque erosion…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…rich in connective tissue and envelops the entire heart and the departures of the larger vessels. The visceral layer consists of mesothelian cells, collagen and…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome . Causes of sinus node dysfunction The causes have been discussed in each respective article. A rehearsal follows…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…switch from a contractile to a synthetic state, producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] …

Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect)

…College of Cardiology and the Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACCF/HRS) recommendations, a nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay is defined as “a QRS duration greater than…

🟠 HCM Risk-SCD Calculator

…widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines, including those from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction: lack of oxygen or imbalance between supply/demand

…reduce infarct size, which is generally attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as it turns out, [2] the reduction in heart…

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