…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…

…acute pericarditis/myocarditis The most frequent cause of pericarditis is infections, in particular viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may affect individuals of all ages…

…infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis…

…vital signs contribute to initial triage and that alternative cardiac and thoracic diagnoses must be considered. The immediate clinical categories include: Non cardiac diagnosis Chronic…

…ECG. Evaluation includes prompt measurement of vital signs and a focused examination directed toward both alternative diagnoses and high risk features of acute coronary syndrome…

…state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical…

…of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…