…pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group 5: PH with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon form of precapillary…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension…

…ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets have been exhausted, proposed therapeutic approaches act through several broad mechanisms: Promotion of coronary…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine…

…Hypertension and diabetes contribute to its development, and obesity is increasingly recognized as an important contributor. Older age, female sex, atrial fibrillation (AF), chronic kidney…

…atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus…

…The drugs can also be given sequentially. Hypotension can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…