…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension…

…ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets have been exhausted, proposed therapeutic approaches act through several broad mechanisms: Promotion of coronary…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine…

…Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because elevated left sided filling pressures…

…Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker…

…of Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure, acute or chronic. Severe biventricular failure, acute or chronic…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…