…4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group 5: PH with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon…

…cardiac and renal axes may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure…

…factor and as a driver of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and…

…including anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist despite non obstructive…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain, pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days…

…or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 10.0–20.0 μg/kg/min ++++ ++++ ++ +++++ High dose dopamine additionally induces α1 stimulation and thereby vasoconstriction with…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…

…atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus…

…reduces preload and afterload, further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown…

…with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and…