…therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…Obesity and heart failure Obesity increases the risk of HF and is common among patients with established HF, particularly HFpEF. Assessment of congestion may be…

…congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD…

…predominantly by atrial tissue; its midregional pro ANP assay may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active…

…to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization…

…Unstable myocardial ischaemia. Ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac arrest. Chronic coronary dissection presenting as heart failure, although this is described as uncommon. In pregnancy associated…

…Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of wall motion abnormalities. Assessment of wall motion abnormalities is particularly important in the setting of chronic…

…incomplete because the ventricles cannot expand normally. This leads to diastolic heart failure. The systolic function is usually unaffected, but the shock volume and ejection…

…ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with…

…tolerated 70–79 Diabetes 120–130 70–79 Chronic kidney disease 130–139 70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic…