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Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly…

Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusions: Indications and Outcomes

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an…

Coronary Artery Disease

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

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