…contractile function worsens. Chronic aortic regurgitation also leads to increasing LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1…

…the pulmonary circulation and cause pulmonary edema. Also, left ventricular exhaustion results in diminished cardiac output, potential hypotension and cardiogenic shock. Chronic mitral regurgitation Chronic…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension…

…thromboembolism is a chronic and serious condition. Mortality in pulmonary embolism is up to 20%, and roughly 30% of patients with pulmonary embolism or deep…

…management may be considered The sPESI (simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease…

…increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

Echocardiography Constrictive pericarditis: the end stage of pericardial inflammation Constrictive pericarditis is the result of chronic inflammation of the pericardium. In principle, all causes of…