…angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin…

…early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease…

…73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal imaging Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal…

…presentation and symptoms A CTO may be asymptomatic and identified during angiography performed for another indication. When clinically significant, it may present with chronic angina…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an…

…Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary…