Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the…

…ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or both. The eGFR is generally estimated from serum creatinine using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI…

…LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below 40%…

…be asymptomatic and identified during angiography performed for another indication. When clinically significant, it may present with chronic angina, an anginal equivalent or exertional dyspnoea…

…or are associated with high event risk. The apparent differences between thresholds reflect different guideline frameworks and clinical pathways rather than a single universal classification…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

…commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common…

…adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly in women. For European populations, waist circumference above 94 cm in men or 80…

…connect a defibrillator or AED and defibrillate. Watanabe et al studied 132 patients who unexpectedly experienced sudden cardiac arrest while being monitored with Holter ECG…

…a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has identified the relevant endotype and its…