…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

…follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…of patency may be particularly relevant when the occluded artery supplies viable myocardium with demonstrable ischaemia. However, randomized evidence has not shown a reduction in…

…vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and increasing the permeability of the endothelium to circulating apolipoprotein B…

…and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment…

…Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity…

…be in line with the European guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic…

…is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins…

…be in line with the European guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic…