…unclear. Kidney function should be monitored according to clinical practice. Special attention should be given to patients ≥ 75 years, those with moderate/severe renal impairment…

…remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical manifestations may therefore…

…to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic…

…as much as three times higher than in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease…

…it may present with chronic angina, an anginal equivalent or exertional dyspnoea. Patients may continue to have lifestyle limiting symptoms despite guideline directed medical therapy…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to…

…modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic, low grade systemic inflammation…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris …

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…