…Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the…

…Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…most persuasive when the initial probability is high enough that the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment…

…in early disease and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore does not exclude HFrEF. Clinical evaluation should define: The severity of symptoms and functional…

…the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…