…coronary disease. Angina or ischaemia caused by epicardial vasomotor dysfunction or microvascular abnormalities without obstructive epicardial disease. The non acute phase after ACS or coronary…

…obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible mechanisms include microvascular obstruction, endothelial dysfunction and epicardial coronary spasm. The…

…of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms…

…obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and…

…also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction…

…coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection…

…Mechanism or clinical setting Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection…

…diffuse atherosclerosis, and coronary microvascular dysfunction. A reduced value may therefore identify clinically important vascular dysfunction even when regional perfusion images appear normal. Radionuclide imaging…

…as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), is independently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…