Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an…

…congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD…

…the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD…

…adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure; prior stroke; emergency coronary angiography or PCI…

…Peripheral oedema Symptoms related to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan…

…may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes…

…hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not apparent. Such a discrepancy should prompt…