…anorexia nervosa, or more than 5 days without nutrition. Check the phosphate, potassium and magnesium before and daily during the build up, give thiamine before…

…and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrate (from transfusions), phenytoin, phosphate, and foscarnet, among others. ECG in hypoc

…In CKD, additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related to disturbed calcium–phosphate metabolism. Patients with advanced CKD are particularly vulnerable to…

…up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list …

…Plasma glucose before insulin. Creatine kinase in suspected rhabdomyolysis. Phosphate, urate and lactate dehydrogenase in suspected tumour lysis syndrome. A digoxin level when toxicity i

…state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical…

…functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…