Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

…Currently, two dimensional (2D) echocardiography for calculation of ejection fraction is the dominant method for assessing left ventricular function (systolic function). It should be noted…

…will differ from the emitted sound waves. The change in frequency is referred to as the Doppler effect . The Doppler effect was first described in…

…circumferential shortening (Figure 1C). Left ventricular function depends on a complex interaction between the muscle fibers in these layers, which collectively produces a highly efficient…

…left ventricular volume Ejection fraction is also affected by left ventricular volume (size). For example, athletes have large ventricular dimensions and often lower ejection fraction…

…duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with…

…and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic illness involving…

…and ejection fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided…

Echocardiography Diastolic function and echocardiographic assessment The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle…