Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

…Currently, two dimensional (2D) echocardiography for calculation of ejection fraction is the dominant method for assessing left ventricular function (systolic function). It should be noted…

…will differ from the emitted sound waves. The change in frequency is referred to as the Doppler effect . The Doppler effect was first described in…

…circumferential shortening (Figure 1C). Left ventricular function depends on a complex interaction between the muscle fibers in these layers, which collectively produces a highly efficient…

…to 69% Lower normal limit 55% Ejection fraction is routinely examined at rest, which does not reveal the functional (maximum) capacity of the left ventricle…

…increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass. Initially, myocardial abnormalities may be subclinical. Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left…

…failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute…

…is not affected by pressure changes in the thorax. This leads to the fact that the pressure in the left atrium does not decrease when…

…The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle contracts and ejects blood into the…