CPR The forces that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…there is no cerebral perfusion, with an equal degree of hypoxia in all neurons. There is one fundamental difference between neurons and myocardium in the…

…The brain adapts to prolonged hypotonicity by extruding electrolytes and organic osmolytes. This adaptation reduces the cerebral oedema but makes the brain sensitive to a…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…rapid a normalisation can therefore cause cerebral, coronary or renal ischaemia. Neurological status, urine output, creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must…

…and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker, clonidine or another sympatholytic drug. Cocaine, amfetamine, other sympathomimetics, herbal remedies and…

…traumatic brain injury Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 60–70 mmHg CPP = MAP − ICP RASS −2 to 0 Lightly sedated to awake and calm CAM…

…dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

Nitroglycerin Patients using nitroglycerin regularly may have developed tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand…

…cause symptoms and impaired quality of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may…

…is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound may reveal atherosclerotic plaques, thrombi, occlusions, and dissections…

…dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

…fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be treated with defibrillation (ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia)…

…and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia. Such traumas include cerebral, facial, airway and…

…0.5–3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilatation in the coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

…avoid cyanide toxicity. • Dose dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution …

…with stroke risk factors, but this benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The…

…develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source…

…and cerebral involvement. Catecholamine excess and drug related presentations Severe hypertension may result from phaeochromocytoma, monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure…

…follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection. Clinical manifestations may…

…Cerebral circulatory autoregulation is also disturbed. This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that…

…Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause symptoms already at rest…

…few randomized trials and the evidence is often conflicting. Many recommendations are therefore based on observational data, expert opinion, or extrapolation from other fields (e…