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Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause symptoms already at rest. Stable ischemic heart disease does not cause symptoms at rest unless the…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…towards the penumbra zone (the outermost and less ischemic area), which may receive oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest, there is no cerebral perfusion…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…generally indicates an intact brainstem and adequate cerebral perfusion, whereas fixed, dilated pupils can signal severe global ischemia or even herniation of the brain stem…

🟠 Inotropes and Vasopressors

…and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF…

Inotropes and Vasopressors: Doses, indications, contraindications and effects

…and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause ischemia Acute rapid reduction may cause harm without prognostic benefit Clinical Presentation and…

Care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

…victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound may reveal atherosclerotic plaques, thrombi, occlusions, and dissections. Stroke is subdivided into hemorrhagic stroke (13% of all cases) and ischemic stroke…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain, anxiety…

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