CPR Cardiac arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively…

…are mostly due to acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, and in these cases, the likelihood of ROSC is higher as compared to other etiologies…

…Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are…

…artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the…

…cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition…

…requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction…

…coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…sensitive to a rapid increase in extracellular tonicity. This explains why acute hyponatraemia chiefly carries a risk of cerebral oedema, while rapid correction of chronic…

…insufficient randomised evidence to determine which agent is best. The choice is therefore governed chiefly by the target organ damage, the pharmacology of the drug…

…and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker, clonidine or another sympatholytic drug. Cocaine, amfetamine, other sympathomimetics, herbal remedies and…

…in traumatic brain injury Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 60–70 mmHg CPP = MAP − ICP RASS −2 to 0 Lightly sedated to awake and calm…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex…

…a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…closely to avoid cyanide toxicity. • Dose dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood…

…detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive…

…hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their…

…to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of…