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Traumatic cardiac arrest

…valves, due to a direct, non penetrating traumatic blow to the chest. Unlike commotio cordis, contusio cordis implies actual structural injury to the tissues. Manifestations…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…underlying etiology is hypertension. Ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of…

🟠 Inotropes and Vasopressors

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

Inotropes and Vasopressors: Doses, indications, contraindications and effects

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…classic dissection because haemorrhage occurs within the media without imaging evidence of an intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of…

Aspirin in Primary Prevention: Current Recommendations

…with stroke risk factors, but this benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…to rapid brainstem hypoxia. As a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral…

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