…Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex…

…ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia. • Should not be given to pregnant women…

…coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create…

…to rapid brainstem hypoxia. As a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral…

…These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer periods of no flow ( Rawshani…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated…

…intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain…

…rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients…

…in traumatic brain injury Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 60–70 mmHg CPP = MAP − ICP RASS −2 to 0 Lightly sedated to awake and calm…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and…

…underlying etiology is hypertension. Ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…within 10 seconds of cessation of cerebral blood flow. Agonal breathing : Deep, slow, irregular breaths with a frequency of 1 to 4 breaths per minute…

…valves, due to a direct, non penetrating traumatic blow to the chest. Unlike commotio cordis, contusio cordis implies actual structural injury to the tissues. Manifestations…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition…

…Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually hospital…

…aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic…

…cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical spectrum ranges from hypertension without apparent organ injury to severe multisystem disease…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms…

…four processes that defined the victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac…