…cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…the coronary arteries. CPP is equivalent to the pressure difference between the aortic root and right atrium during diastole (coronary blood flow occurs in diastole…

…or TIA. The purpose of performing an ultrasound is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound…

…decompressions that result in perfusion of cardiac, cerebral, and pulmonary tissue. Chest compressions produce perfusion of vital organs by increasing the pressure in the atria…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5–6…

…is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion…

…a universal target. Chronic hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and kidneys towards higher pressures. Too rapid a normalisation can therefore cause cerebral, coronary or…

…up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The…

…and electrolytes in intensive care Neurological monitoring Parameter Target Comment : : : Intracranial pressure (ICP) < 22 mmHg The treatment threshold in traumatic brain injury Cerebral perfusion…

…dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

…Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting. Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload…

…and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in…

…dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

CPR Cardiac arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively…

…0.5–3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilatation in the coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

…dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients…

…that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source material does not specify symptom patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas…

…aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then propagates along the…

…complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important. Hypertension is most frequent in women who had antenatal hypertensive disorders…

…The table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed…

…extrapolation from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers…