Cardiology Neurology Definition and Pathophysiology Carotid artery stenosis is an atherosclerotic narrowing of the carotid arteries. It forms part of multisite artery disease, defined as…

…or TIA. The purpose of performing an ultrasound is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound…

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g., arrhythmias). Unconsciousness occurs within 10 seconds of cessation of cerebral blood flow. Agonal breathing : Deep, slow, irregular…

CPR The forces that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose…

…In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated…

…al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5–6 minutes. Biological death usually…

…hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia…

…intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain…

…should as a rule not be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral…