CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

…is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion. During cardiac arrest, circulation to the brain is severely compromised or absent, leading to rapid brainstem…

…brain death. The cause of brain injuries is anoxic cell death, continued dysfunction in cerebral blood flow (autoregulation) after ROSC and cerebral hypoperfusion. Myocardial dysfunction…

…coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated…

…therefore cause cerebral, coronary or renal ischaemia. Neurological status, urine output, creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

…in traumatic brain injury Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 60–70 mmHg CPP = MAP − ICP RASS −2 to 0 Lightly sedated to awake and calm…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex…

…or newly developed during the acute illness The ventricular rate and its relationship to symptoms and haemodynamic status Whether heart failure is present and whether…

…underlying etiology is hypertension. Ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly…

CPR Cardiac arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia. • Should not be given to pregnant women…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition…

…acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology reflects failure of vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury…

…traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then propagates along the wall, creating a…

…growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks. Cerebral circulatory autoregulation is also disturbed…

…ECG without signs of ischemia during chest pain in principle excludes myocardial ischemia as the cause of the pain. Refer to The ischemic cascade for…