…CPR education programs) and local level (e.g. EMS protocols, in hospital protocols, etc) is necessary to improve outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering…

…less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to cardiac rehabilitation and are less likely to attain blood pressure treatment goals. Female specific and female…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

…anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest Administer CPR as per guidelines. Most patients require an immediate intravenous dose of 1 mg epinephrine . For anaphylaxis without cardiac arrest…

…preferred. An increase of 1 2 mEq/L per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C (82.4° F), while temperatures below 24°…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharge an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Cardiac electrophysiology: Membrane potential, action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

…to cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than a few nanograms per liter…

…perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…by trauma to the chest, it is managed as a non traumatic cardiac arrest (i.e. standard CPR, as per guidelines). Contusio cordis Contusio cordis…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…and children) experience a cardiac arrest (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported that the incidence was 92 per 100,000 citizens in…

…is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine…

…bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because heart rate must increase during exercise. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias The mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias are…

…is considered to have several functions, despite the fact that it can be removed without affecting cardiac function or hemodynamics. The following functions are attributed…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm : Cardiac rhythm that cannot be defibrillated or cardioverted. These rhythms include pulse less electrical activity (PEA…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices…

…or injuries, including cardiac arrest, drowning, trauma, asphyxia and respiratory arrest. BLS can be provided by laymen, EMTs (emergency medical technicians), nurses, paramedics, physicians. BLS…

…unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display…

…Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Eletrical alternans: an ECG sign of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount of…

…However, due to varying strengths, limitations and clinical applications of these modalities, the definitions of cardiac planes, ventricular segments, and coronary arterial territories evolved differently…

CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

…which is not the case in the heart. Blood flow is pulsatile during the cardiac cycle; flow is high during systole and ceases during diastole…

CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

…hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) includes laymen (bystanders), the emergency dispatcher, first responders (police, fire brigade, emergency services, security guards, etc .), paramedics, EMTs, nurses and physicians…

…ECG Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and sudden cardiac arrest This chapter will focus on ventricular fibrillation and pulseless electrical activity (PEA). These are…

…activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is optimally measured in tracheal tubes, it…

…Family History of Sudden Cardiac Death (FHSCD) : A history of SCD in close relatives suggests a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias. Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (NSVT…

[calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade…

…Non cardiac symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various…