…in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain, pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous…

…beats/min) Undiagnosed systolic murmur Carotid sinus massage should be considered in patients with symptoms suggestive of carotid sinus syncope and in patients older than…

…Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponin [19]. ATTR Amyloidosis: This form arises…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering…

…associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute aortic disease…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…ventricular fibrillation (VF). Clinical presentation Confusion Abdominal pain Hypotension Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV…

…by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous…

…a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically, patients may present with: Absent breath sounds on the affected side Crepitus Subcutaneous…

…other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage must be promptly considered as a differential, and…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…1 . Expected cardiopulmonary function and alertness in decreasing body temperature according to HOPE (Hypothermia Outcome Prediction after Extracorporeal Life Support for Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients)…

…Warfarin Vitamin K Fresh frozen plasma Prothrombin complex concentrate Actions in suspected poisoning and cardiac arrest Promptly contact the closest intensive care unit (ICU) possessing…

…The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharge an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Cardiac electrophysiology: Membrane potential, action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

…above, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations tend to increase to higher levels than cTnT during acute myocardial infarction. cTnI and cTnT have different molecular structures…

…etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact on the coronary arteries. The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…cardiac arrest, regardless of all other circumstances. The initial rhythm is an indicator of the underlying etiology, duration of cardiac arrest, quality of CPR, and…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…record intrinsic cardiac activity and response appropriately. Specifically, the pacemakers sense intrinsic depolarizations. Depolarizations are represented by the P wave (atrial lead) and QRS complex…

…of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs again. ECG 2 . Ventricular flutter…

…subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13 . Recurring…

…tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating…

…3. Repeated bursts of VT. ECG 4. There are now visible ST segment elevations and Q waves not seen on the initial recording (ECG 1).

…of cases. Potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating and blunt force trauma. Loss…

…neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously, and it must be actively prevented…

…life in several family members. Imaging studies did not reveal structural cardiac abnormalities, nor coronary artery disease. Another male patient, with similar ST segment changes…

…30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words, during prolonged cardiac arrest without effective…

…ischemia result in cardiac arrest. In order for an infarction or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other pro arrhythmogenic…

…Some data sources also monitor sudden cardiac arrest. The EuReCA registry includes resuscitation data from 27 European nations and the Get With the Guidelines Resuscitation…

…Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for about half of all individuals with heart failure ( Packer et al ) and 30% of people…

…the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers…

…activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However…

…myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and other…

…cardiac arrest at the population level is very difficult. Future efforts may be more successful by focusing on near term prediction using smart devices and…

…fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be treated with defibrillation (ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia)…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end…

…although radiofrequency procedures, nerve stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's…

…cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to keep the person alive until resources and…

…however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia…

…tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction sounds…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

…volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI) Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected into the aorta during systole. Stroke volume is…

…However, current guidelines do not consider this fact (beyond the recommendation to defibrillate immediately if cardiac arrest is witnessed and the rhythm is shockable). This…

…team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1. The chain of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest…

…Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the…

…sole determinant for terminating CPR or initiating ECMO ( Paiva et al ). If both ETCO 2 and other indicators suggest ROSC, compressions may be temporarily paused.

…individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of…

…J. (2015). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. European Heart Journal, 36(41…