…pain, pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical…

…a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur, often accompanied by bradycardia. Most cases involve…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90…

…by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…

…by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C (82.4° F), while temperatures below 24°…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharge an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Cardiac electrophysiology: Membrane potential, action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T…

…perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…volume renders chest compressions futile. Hypoxia : Hypoxia is common in traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…In the United States, more than 500,000 individuals (adults and children) experience a cardiac arrest (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported…

…the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all sudden cardiac arrests occur outside hospitals, the chain of care includes laymen…

…is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…is considered to have several functions, despite the fact that it can be removed without affecting cardiac function or hemodynamics. The following functions are attributed…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm : Cardiac rhythm that cannot be defibrillated or cardioverted. These rhythms include pulse less electrical activity (PEA…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices…

…However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator…

…unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display…

…Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Eletrical alternans: an ECG sign of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount of…

…However, due to varying strengths, limitations and clinical applications of these modalities, the definitions of cardiac planes, ventricular segments, and coronary arterial territories evolved differently…

CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

…which is not the case in the heart. Blood flow is pulsatile during the cardiac cycle; flow is high during systole and ceases during diastole…

CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…ECG Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and sudden cardiac arrest This chapter will focus on ventricular fibrillation and pulseless electrical activity (PEA). These are…

…activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is optimally measured in tracheal tubes, it…

[calc_hcmrisk] Predicting Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. It is the…

[calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade…