…risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and subsequently cardiac arrest. Although ventricular arrhythmias may occur any time after coronary artery…

CPR Anaphylactic cardiac arrest Anaphylactic cardiac arrest is managed following the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) algorithm, incorporating an intravenous administration of 1 mg epinephrine. Predominant causes…

…and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis induced cardiac arrest, consider the following…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac…

…both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C (82.4° F), while temperatures below 24°…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…In the United States, more than 500,000 individuals (adults and children) experience a cardiac arrest (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported…

…cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer…

…determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were described by Weisfeldt and Becker (2002). Drawing on physiology…

…the first task is to determine if a cardiac arrest has occurred. A cardiac arrest is confirmed by the following four examinations: Responsiveness : Does the…

…of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest…

CPR Post resuscitation care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive…

…of hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular arrhythmia without return of spontaneous circulation…

…disorder may manifest with any of the following symptoms: Syncope, pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence…

…and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack…

…However, transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated clear benefit. Long term pharmacological management of chronic sinus bradycardia with a pacemaker…

…and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary…

…in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life support is followed while the hyperkalaemia is treated…

…impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or wide QRS complexes…

…is broad. Patients may be asymptomatic at presentation, have persistent chest discomfort, or present with cardiac arrest, electrical or haemodynamic instability, or cardiogenic shock. UA…

…ARVC causes ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac arrest; the disease is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac arrest among adolescents and athletes …

…failure, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac arrest is common. The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic…

…the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical…

…All atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or w

…may even simulatesinus rhythm. Third degree AV block causes cardiac arrest unless an escape rhythm emerges. The escape rhythm may have narrow or wide QRS…

…The following must be noted: There are cells with pure automaticity around the atrioventricular node. These cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they…

…Idris et al ). Duval et al studied 3,643 cases of out of hospital cardiac arrest in the ROC PRIMED trial. These patients were enrolled…

…ventricular fibrillation (VF). Clinical presentation Confusion Abdominal pain Hypotension Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV…

…paramount importance. In cardiac arrest due to asphyxia, the probability of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is high but survival is very low, as is…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

…rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs again…

…ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by…

…Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…volume renders chest compressions futile. Hypoxia : Hypoxia is common in traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation…

…shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all sudden cardiac arrests occur outside hospitals, the chain of care includes laymen…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion as a result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…ECG Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and sudden cardiac arrest This chapter will focus on ventricular fibrillation and pulseless electrical activity (PEA). These are…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

…in the United States alone, yet no reliable model currently exists for the long term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie…

…contingent upon the specific mutation present. For patients at elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…contingent upon the specific mutation present. For patients at elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker…

…Epinephrine Shock (any) Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0.10 μg/kg/min Bolus : 1 mg IV…

…Ongoing chest discomfort with electrical or haemodynamic instability. Cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock. Features that favour ACS rather than chronic stable angina include sudden symptom…

…presentation is notoriously heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past…