…of the uterus reaches or surpasses the level of the umbilicus. The fetus should ideally be delivered within 5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest…

…the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized…

…simulatesinus rhythm. Third degree AV block causes cardiac arrest unless an escape rhythm emerges. The escape rhythm may have narrow or wide QRS complexes, depending…

…sinus arrest (or any scenario in which atrial impulses do not reach the atrioventricular node), junctional escape rhythm may be life saving. During complete heart…

…frequently used criteria include the following: A witnessed cardiac arrest attended by immediate bystander CPR. Cannulation should be completed within 60 minutes following the collapse…

…included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack or stroke, and initiation of renal…

…evidence) Warfarin Vitamin K Fresh frozen plasma Prothrombin complex concentrate Actions in suspected poisoning and cardiac arrest Promptly contact the closest intensive care unit (ICU…

…failure, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac arrest is common. The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic…

…blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or wide QRS complexes, depending on its origin…

…cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of…

…the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical…

…age. Exercise, or any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause ventricular tachycardia…

…All atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or w

…determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were described by Weisfeldt and Becker (2002). Drawing on physiology…

…risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and subsequently cardiac arrest. Although ventricular arrhythmias may occur any time after coronary artery…

CPR Anaphylactic cardiac arrest Anaphylactic cardiac arrest is managed following the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) algorithm, incorporating an intravenous administration of 1 mg epinephrine. Predominant causes…

…and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis induced cardiac arrest, consider the following…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…severe hypothermia No signs of life <24 °C Actions in accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest or cardiopulmonary depression Use HOPE Score to assess the prognosis…

…with regard to age or sex, have been observed in Sweden between 1990 and 2021 ( Rawshani et al ). Incidence of cardiac arrest Worldwide the incidence…

…cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer…

…hospital or in hospital) the first task is to determine if a cardiac arrest has occurred. A cardiac arrest is confirmed by the following four…

…of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest…

…hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), coronary care unit (CCU), or…

…disorder may manifest with any of the following symptoms: Syncope, pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence…

…in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms, ranging from chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most…

…in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life support is followed…

…have persistent chest discomfort, or present with cardiac arrest, electrical or haemodynamic instability, or cardiogenic shock. UA itself is defined by a recent change in…

…Idris et al ). Duval et al studied 3,643 cases of out of hospital cardiac arrest in the ROC PRIMED trial. These patients were enrolled…

…ventricular fibrillation (VF). Clinical presentation Confusion Abdominal pain Hypotension Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV…

…A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and cardiac arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…is not an absolute rule. While it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not…

…of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 …

…ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by…

…disorganized, there are visible QRS complexes. The signal in the lower lead shows that the rhythm is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (or even flutter). ECG…

…Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…fibrillation. Three QRS T complexes are seen, with the latter two having similar QRS morphology. These beats may originate from the ventricles or atria. ECG…

…Hypoxia is common in traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia…

…no meaningful response to speech) after the return of spontaneous circulation , whether the arrest occurred in or out of hospital and whatever the initial rhythm…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…order to avoid futile attempts or subjecting the individual (and the relatives) to unwanted interventions. Unfortunately, during the stressful circumstances surrounding a sudden cardiac arrest…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…chain of survival, the first task is to recognize cardiac arrest and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are…

…the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

…in the United States alone, yet no reliable model currently exists for the long term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie…

…risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an…

…hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output…

…systolic < 90 mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography…

…risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an…

…Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias Bradycardia Peripheral (digital) ischemia Hypertension (especially nonselective β blocker patients) Prolonged use may be cardiotoxic. Epinephrine Shock (any) Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm…

…headedness, or loss of consciousness. No symptoms at the time of assessment. Ongoing chest discomfort with electrical or haemodynamic instability. Cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock…

…presentation is notoriously heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past…