…in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of…

…hospital cardiac arrest. Autopsies are recommended when the underlying cause is unknown, particularly among young individuals. Yet, autopsies are often not performed due to the…

…used to diagnose several cardiac genetic disorders, such as Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome [LQTS] and early repolarization syndrome. These conditions have an underlying genetic…

…ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early repolarization pattern may actually not be due to early repolarization The…

…or visual symptoms consistent with digitalis toxicity. Several underlying conditions increase a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the…

Echocardiography Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): from pathophysiology to echocardiography Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder that causes left ventricular hypertrophy under normal loading conditions. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy…

…VT degenerates to ventricular fibrillation, which then degenerates into asystole and cardiac arrest. Importantly, the progress from VT to cardiac arrest may be aborted either…

…cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary…

…in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…sudden cardiac arrests account for 50% of all years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease ( Myerburg et al ). Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is the…

CPR Cardiac arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively…

…adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently…

…when discerning between hypothermic unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest. Frequently, overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions…

…cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer…

…blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975. Safar P, Paradise NA, Weil MH. Asphyxial cardiac arrest…

…sinoatrial arrest/inhibition, second degree AV block, third degree AV block. Note that escape rhythms may arise during bradycardia. Also, note that bradycardia due to…

…inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to…

…inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to…

…Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0.10 μg/kg/min Bolus : 1 mg IV every 3 to…

…Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0.10 μg/kg/min Bolus : 1 mg IV every 3 to…

…STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…after confirmed cardiac arrest. If it is not feasible to provide effective CPR due to the position of the victim, it is necessary to relocate…

…sinoatrial arrest/inhibition, second degree AV block, third degree AV block. Note that escape rhythms may arise during bradycardia. Also, note that bradycardia due to…

…risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must be explained carefully to the patient…

…Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may result in accelerated transmission of atrial impulses to the ventricles and thus ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. High degree…

…risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and subsequently cardiac arrest. Although ventricular arrhythmias may occur any time after coronary artery…

…aorta. During a cardiac arrest, the venous and arterial pressures are substantially reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of venous return by the uterus. This…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…4 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 5 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 6 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 8…

…None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes…

…Polymorphic VT. ECG 3 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF…

CPR ECG 1 . The underlying rhythm is atrial fibrillation, which is interrupted by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous…

…to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest…

…pupils in response to light – is a fundamental neurological examination finding that reflects brainstem (midbrain) function. In the context of cardiac arrest and the post…

…with regard to age or sex, have been observed in Sweden between 1990 and 2021 ( Rawshani et al ). Incidence of cardiac arrest Worldwide the incidence…

…of hospital cardiac arrest ( Yan et al ). The low survival reflects the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition. This has prompted researchers to develop…

…manifest cardiac arrest. Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock delivered randomly, without considering the phase of the cardiac cycle) to…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…1. Number Needed to Treat (NNT) Basic life support (BLS) includes rapid recognition and treatment of life threatening conditions or injuries, including cardiac arrest, drowning…

CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy, ventilation depth and frequency, and adrenaline administration. Therefore, it is advised to use ETCO2 trends over…

…capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk of arrest. This predictive problem has proven persistently resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest…

…impaired vasoregulation, etc. With regard to the underlying cause of cardiac arrest , the key challenge is to identify and treat reversible causes, e.g. myocardial…

…to younger patients, typically those below 65 years of age, who lack significant comorbidities. The underlying etiology of the cardiac arrest should be amenable to…

…and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from symptom free presentation to persistent chest discomfort, cardiac arrest…

…presentation is notoriously heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past…

…of 20 to 55 years. The disorder may manifest with any of the following symptoms: Syncope, pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with…

…The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary to establish a transcutaneous pacemaker…