…cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during…

…deaths are the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, sudden cardiac arrests account for 50% of all years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease…

CPR Cardiac arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively…

…adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently…

…severe hypothermia No signs of life <24 °C Actions in accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest or cardiopulmonary depression Use HOPE Score to assess the prognosis…

…cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer…

…blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975. Safar P, Paradise NA, Weil MH. Asphyxial cardiac arrest…

…hospital cardiac arrest. Autopsies are recommended when the underlying cause is unknown, particularly among young individuals. Yet, autopsies are often not performed due to the…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…ECG Case 1: Ventricular tachycardia progressing to ventricular fibrillation Below are sequential ECG recordings during a sudden cardiac arrest in a 43 year old male…

…pointes), ventricular fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction. This patient died at age 17 years due to complications related to his arrhythmia. His father…

…sinoatrial arrest/inhibition, second degree AV block, third degree AV block. Note that escape rhythms may arise during bradycardia. Also, note that bradycardia due to…

…In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening…

…first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to…

…the ventricle to eject blood into the aorta during systole. In aortic stenosis, there is increased resistance in the aortic valve itself, due to the…

…ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early repolarization pattern may actually not be due to early repolarization The…

…In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening…

…Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0.10 μg/kg/min Bolus : 1 mg IV every 3 to…

…Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0.10 μg/kg/min Bolus : 1 mg IV every 3 to…

…STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…after confirmed cardiac arrest. If it is not feasible to provide effective CPR due to the position of the victim, it is necessary to relocate…

…sinoatrial arrest/inhibition, second degree AV block, third degree AV block. Note that escape rhythms may arise during bradycardia. Also, note that bradycardia due to…

…risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must be explained carefully to the patient…

…VT degenerates to ventricular fibrillation, which then degenerates into asystole and cardiac arrest. Importantly, the progress from VT to cardiac arrest may be aborted either…

…Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may result in accelerated transmission of atrial impulses to the ventricles and thus ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. High degree…

…fibrillation) and subsequently cardiac arrest. Although ventricular arrhythmias may occur any time after coronary artery occlusion, the vast majority occur within the first hour(s…

CPR Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth All healthcare units capable of managing pregnant women in cardiac arrest should engage in specialized clinical training to…

…cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during…

…quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are supraventricular beats during sinus rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat…

…None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes…

…progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock during…

…to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest…

…is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion. During cardiac arrest, circulation to the brain is severely compromised or absent, leading to rapid brainstem…

…to initial rhythm In cardiac arrest, the initial rhythm (on the first recorded ECG) is a very strong predictor of survival. This is because cardiac…

…implantation of ICDs [implantable cardioverter defibrillator]). Our inability to predict cardiac arrest is evident in many ways. Some examples follow: Modern ICDs are capable of…

…to 4 breaths per minute. Agonal breathing is frequently seen during the first minute after cardiac arrest. Agonal breathing should be interpreted as cardiac arrest…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…of the cause. A person who is not breathing will therefore develop a cardiac arrest. During the first minute after a cardiac arrest, the person…

…the majority of cardiac arrests are triggered by ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Defibrillation is extremely effective during the first few minutes of…

…in OHCA 1990 to 2020 in the SCRR. According to the chain of survival, the first task is to recognize cardiac arrest and alert the…

…such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy, ventilation depth and frequency, and adrenaline administration. Therefore, it is advised to use ETCO2 trends over…

…capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk of arrest. This predictive problem has proven persistently resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest…

…transferred to such centers. Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) emerges after ROSC or initiation of ECMO. The syndrome was first…

…the circulation. ECMO use during cardiac arrest (referred to as ECPR [extracorporeal CPR] ) requires the immediate establishment of veno arterial ECMO (VA ECMO) . A peripheral…

…and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack…

…factor, or recurrence. Special situations Situation Comment : : Pregnancy Leg ultrasound first. CT pulmonary angiography or lung scintigraphy according to local procedure. Low molecular weight heparin…

…electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from symptom free presentation to persistent chest discomfort, cardiac arrest…

…presentation is notoriously heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past…

…of 20 to 55 years. The disorder may manifest with any of the following symptoms: Syncope, pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with…

…The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary to establish a transcutaneous pacemaker…