…Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue…

…long term cardiovascular outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB…

…are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast, coronary CT angiography (CCTA) can characterize both calcified and non calcified plaque and can assess stenosis…

…drugs, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers (inhibitors). The reader will notice that most of these drugs are contraindicated in patients with structural heart disease…

…nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose…

…action Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell…

…NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane…

…in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium…

…tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened QRS duration. Bradycardia may…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…