…Additional features associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel bending, calcification and an occlusion length of at least…

…and spotty calcification. However, the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such…

…malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A slit…

…related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations…

…Factors associated with restenosis The risk of restenosis after metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter…

…demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major…

…inconclusive. The principal diagnostic strength of CCTA is its ability to exclude significant anatomical CAD with high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value, particularly…

…vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD, additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related…

…with the clinical presentation, including the character and stability of chest discomfort, associated dyspnoea, and the presence of risk factors or previously identified coronary calcification…

…abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage; adventitial inflammation; spotty calcification. Nevertheless, the presence of these features does…

…Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification…

…between the cardiac and renal axes may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central…

…and P3 (posterior or lateral scallop). Figure 1. Anatomy of the mitral valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure…

…contribution to chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes…

…calculation can be cumbersome and time consuming, with reported inter observer variability (κ values ranging from 0.45 to 0.76). Lack of Clinical Variables …

…Aortic stenosis with calcification Mitral disease with calcification Fibrin strands Giant Lambls excrescences Septum Defects — PFO, ASA, ASD SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL…

…Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in…

…thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most cases…

…calcifications that break through the intimal layer, provoking localized thrombosis. This is predominantly observed in older patients with heavily calcified, tortuous vessels [2] . Regardless of…

…Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very high echogenicity (e.g skeleton, calcifications…

…The physiology of the SA node and pacemaker cells in the heart have been discussed previously. Definition (criteria) for sinus rhythm Regular rhythm with a…