…Additional features associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel bending, calcification and an occlusion length of at least…

…and spotty calcification. However, the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such…

…malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A slit…

…related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations…

…Factors associated with restenosis The risk of restenosis after metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter…

…is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access…

…65 years and in patients with a lower suspicion of obstructive disease. Patients with no plaque or stenosis on CCTA should be reassured, and non…

…vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD, additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related…

…with the clinical presentation, including the character and stability of chest discomfort, associated dyspnoea, and the presence of risk factors or previously identified coronary calcification…

…abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage; adventitial inflammation; spotty calcification. Nevertheless, the presence of these features does…