…s (Figure 1). Gain and filter should be minimized in order to obtain optimal images. The pulsed Doppler beam can be positioned using color Doppler…

…can further increase the amount of gain applied to incoming sound waves. This is done using gain control or time gain compensation (TGC) . Figure 1…

…chest wall, such that the distances between the ribs increase, providing larger windows for the ultrasound beam. The operator can sit on either side of…

…Measuring the radius of PISA. Color Doppler is used to revealing PISA. As discussed earlier, aliasing occurs when using color Doppler to analyze velocities greater…

…similar to that of reverberations. Figure 4. Mirror image artifact. Side lobe artifact A 2D image is formed by allowing the ultrasound beam to sweep…

…Figure 1. The Doppler effect. When the sound source moves towards the observer, the sound waves are compressed, which leads to a shortening of the…

…marker. Angle : The transducer is kept at the same location on the chest, and the sound beam is directed to show a new structure. The…

…gradient (mmHg) across a valve. Example 1 : A maximum velocity of 4 m/s is measured across the aortic valve. The pressure gradient equals: 4…

…next sinus beat will be longer than one normal sinus interval. The P wave of a premature atrial contraction has the following characteristics ( Figure 1 …

CPR ECG 1 . The initial rhythm is atrial fibrillation. The fifth beat is a ventricular premature beat. A ventricular tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular…